Overview
UMTS, also referred to as wideband code division multiple access (W-CDMA), is one of the most significant advances in the evolution of telecommunications into 3G networks. UMTS allows many more applications to be introduced to a worldwide base of users and provides a vital link between today’s multiple GSM systems and the ultimate single worldwide standard for all mobile telecommunications, International Mobile Telecommunications-2000 (IMT-2000).
The paper explores the history of mobile communications leading to the proposal of UMTS. The paper then explains the architecture of UMTS and the protocols, interfaces, and technologies that go along with it. Finally, the paper looks at UMTS measurement and testing where we can find the real-world situations with practical suggestions for measurement approaches.
Evolution of Mobile Communications
Early Stages: 1G to 3G
Electromagnetic waves were first discovered as communications medium at the end of the 19th century. The first systems offering mobile telephone service (car phone) were introduced in the late 1940s in the
First Generation (1G): Analog Cellular
The introduction of cellular systems in the late 1970s and early 1980s represented a quantum leap in mobile communication (especially in capacity and mobility). Semiconductor technology and microprocessors made smaller, lighter weight, and more sophisticates mobile systems a practical reality for many more users. These 1G cellular syste4ms still transmit only analog voice information. The most prominent 1G systems are Advanced Mobile Phone System (AMPS), Nordic Mobile Telephone (NMT) and Total Access Communication System (TACS). With the 1G introduction, the mobile market showed annual growth rates 30 to 50 percent, rising to nearly 20 million subscribers by 1990.
Second Generation (2G): Multiple Digital Systems
The development of 2G cellular systems was driven by the need to improve transmission quality, system capacity, and coverage. Further advances in semiconductor technology and microwave devices brought digital transmission to mobile communications. Speech transmission still dominates the airways, but the demands for fax, short message, and data transmissions are growing rapidly. Supplementary services such as fraud prevention and encrypting of user data have become standard features that are comparable to those in fixed networks. 2G cellular systems include GSM, Digital AMPS (D-AMPS), code division multiple access (CDMA), and Personal Digital Communication (PDC). Today, multiple 1G and 2G standards are used in worldwide mobile communications. Different standards serve different applications with different levels of mobility, capacity, and service area (paging systems, cordless telephone, wireless local loop, private mobile radio, cellular systems, and mobile satellite systems). Many standards are used only in one country or region, and most are incompatible.
GSM is the most successful family of cellular standards (GSM900, GSM-railway [GSM-R], GSM1800, GSM1900 and GSM400), supporting some 250 million of the world’s 450 million cellular subscribers with international roaming in approximately 140 countries and 400 networks.
2G to 3G: GSM Evolution
Phase 1 of the standardization of GSM900 was completed by the European Telecommunications Standards Institute IETSI) in 1990 and included all necessary definitions for the GSM network operations. Several tele-services and bearer services have been defined (including data transmission up to 9.6 kbps), but only some very basic supplementary services were offered. As a result, GSM standards were enhanced in Phase 2 (1995) to incorporate a large variety of supplementary services that were comparable to digital fixed network integrated services digital network (ISDN) standards. In 1996, ETSI deiced to further enhance GSM in annual Phase 2+ releases that incorporate 3G capabilities.
GSM Phase 2+ releases have introduced important 3G features such as intelligent network (IN) services with customized application for mobile enhanced logic (CAMEL), enhanced speech compression/decompression (CODEC), enhanced full rate (EFR), and adaptive multirate (AMR), high-data rate services and new transmission principles with high-speed circuit-switched data (HSCSD), general packet radio service (GPRS), and enhanced data rate for GSM evolution (EDGE). UMTS is a 3G GSM successor standard that is downward-compatible with GSM, using the GSM Phase 2+ enhanced core network
IMT-2000
The main characteristics of 3G systems, known collectively as IMT-2000, are a single family of compatible standards that have the following characteristics:
· used worldwide
· used for mobile applications
· supports both packet-switched (PS) and circuit-switched (CS) data transmission
· offer high data rates up to 2Mbps (depends on mobility/velocity)
· offer higher spectrum efficiency
IMT-2000 is a set of requirements defined by the International Telecommunications Union (ITU). As previously mentioned, IMT stands for International Mobile Telecommunications, and “2000” represents both the scheduled year for initial trial systems and the frequency range of 2000 MHz (WARC’92:1885-2025 MHz and 2110-2200 MHz). All 3G standards have been developed by regional standards developing organizations (SDOs). In total, proposals for 17 different IMT-2000 standards were submitted by regional SDOs to ITU in 1998-11 proposals for terrestrial systems and 6 for mobile satellite systems (MSSs). Evaluation of the proposals was completed at the end of 1998, and negotiations to build a consensus among differing views were completed in mid 1999. All 17 proposals have been accepted by ITU as IMT-2000 standards. The specification for the Radio Transmission Technology (RTT) was released at the end of 1999.
The most important IMT-2000 proposals are the UMTS (W-CDMA) as the successor to GSM, CDMA2000 as the interim standard’95 (IS-95) successor, and time division-synchronous CDMA (TD_SCDMA) (universal wireless communication-136 [UWC-136]/EDGE) as TDMA-based enhancements to D-AMPS/GSM-all of which are leading previous standards towards the ultimate goal of IMT-2000.
UMTS allows many more applications to be introduced to a worldwide base of users and provides a vital link between today’s multiple GSM systems and IMT-2000. The new network also addresses the growing demand of mobile and Internet applications for new capacity in the overcrowded mobile communications sky. UMTS increases transmission speed to 2 Mbps per mobile user and establishes a global roaming standard.
UMTS is being developed by Third-Generation Partnership Project (3GPP), a joint venture of several SDOs-ETSI (Europe), Association of Radio Industries and Business/Telecommunication Technology Committee (ARIB/TTC) (
The most significant change in Rel. ’99 is the new UMTS terrestrial radio access (UTRA), a W-CDMA radio interface for land-based communications. UTRA supports time division duplex (TDD) and frequency division duplex (FDD). The TDD mode is optimized for public micro and Pico cells and unlicensed cordless applications. The FDD mode is optimized for wide-area coverage, i.e., public macro and micro cells. Both modes offer flexible and dynamic data rates up to 2 Mbps. Another newly defined UTRA mode, multicarrier (MC), is expected to establish compatibility between UMTS and CDMA2000.
UMTS Network Architecture
UMTS (Rel. ’99) incorporates enhanced GSM Phase 2+ Core Networks with GPRS and CAMEL. This enables network operators to enjoy the improved cost-efficiency of UMTS while protecting their 2G investments and reducing the risks of implementation.
In UMTS release 1 (Rel. ’99), a new radio access network UMTS terrestrial radio access network (UTRAN) is introduced. UTRAN, the UMTS radio access network (RAN), is connected via the Iu to the GSM Phase 2+ core network (CN). The Iu is the UTRAN interface between the radio network controller (RNC) and CN; the UTRAN interface between RNC and the packet-switched domain of the CN (Iu-PS) is used for PS data and the UTRAN interface between RNC and the circuit-switched domain of the CN (Iu-CS) is used for CS data.
GSM-only mobile stations (MSs) will be connected to the network via the GSM air (radio) interface (Um). UMTS/GSM dual-mode user equipment (UE) will be connected to the network via UNTS air (radio) interface (Uu) at very high data rates (up to almost 2 Mbps). Outside the UMTS service area, UMTS/GSM UE will be connected to the network at reduced data rates via the Um.
Maximum data rates are 115 kbps for CS data by HSCSD, 171 kbps for PS data by GPRS, and 533 kbps by EDGE. Handover between UMTS and GSM is supported, and handover between UMTS and other 3G systems (e.g. multicarrier CDMA [MC-CDMA]) will be supported to achieve true worldwide access.
The public land mobile network (PLMN) described in UMTS Rel. ’99 incorporates three major categories of network elements:
- GSM Phase ½ core network elements: mobile services switching center (MSC), visitor location register (VLR), home location register (HLR), authentic center AC), and equipment identity register (EIR).
- GSM Phase 2+ enhancements: GPRS (servicing GPRS support node [SGSN] and gateway GPRS support node [GGSN]) and CAMEL (CAMEL service environment [CSE])
- UMTS specific modifications and enhancements, particularly UTRAN
Network Elements from GSM Phase ½
The GSM Phase ½ PLMN consists of three subsystems: the base station subsystem (BSS), the network and switching subsystem (NSS), and the operations support system (
Fig: UMTS Phase 1 Network
Network Elements from GSM Phase 2+
GPRS
The most important evolutionary step of GSM toward UMTS is GPRS. GPRS introduces PS into the GSM CN and allows direct access to packet data networks (PDNs). This enables high-data rate PS transmission well beyond the 64 kbps limit of ISDN through the GSM CN, a necessity for UMTS data transmission rates of up to 2 Mbps. GPRS prepares and optimizes the CN for high-data rate PS transmission, as does UMTS with UTRAN over RAN. Thus, GPRS is a prerequisite for the UMTS introduction.
Two functional units extend the GSM NSS architecture for GPRS PS service: the GGSN and SGSN. The GGSN has functions comparable to a gateway MSC (GMSC). The SGSN resides at the same hierarchical level as a visited MSC (VMSC)/VLR and therefore performs comparable functions such as routing and mobility management.
CAMEL
CAMEL enables worldwide access to operator-specific IN applications such as prepaid, call screening, and supervision. CAMEL is the primary GSM Phase 2+ enhancement for the introduction of the UMTS virtual home environment (VHE) concept. VHE is a platform for flexible service definition (collection of service creation tools) that enables the operator to modify or enhance existing services and/or define new services. Furthermore, VHE enables worldwide access to these operator-specific services in every GSM and UMTS PLMN and introduces location-specific services (by interaction with GSM/UMTS mobility management). A CSE and a new common control signaling system 7 (SS7) (CSS7) protocol, the CAMEL application part (CAP), are required on the CN to introduce CAMEL.
Network Elements from UMTS Phase 1
As mentioned above, UMTS differs from GSM Phase 2+ mostly in the new principles for air interface transmission (W-CDMA instead of time division multiple access [TDMA]/frequency division multiple access [FDMA}). Therefore, a new RAN called UTRAN must be introduced with UMTS. Only minor modifications, such as allocation of the transcoder (TC) function for speech compressions to the CN, are needed in the CN to accommodate the change. The TC function is used together with an interworking function (IWF) for protocol conversion between the A and the Iu-CS interfaces.
UTRAN
The UMTS standard can be seen as an extension of existing networks. Two new network elements are introduced in UTRAN, RNC, and Node B. UTRAN is subdivided into individual radio network systems (RNSs), where each RNS is controlled by an RNC. The RNC is connected to a set of Node B elements, each of which can serve one or several cells.
Fig: UMTS Phase 1: UTRAN
Existing network elements, such as MSC, SGSN and HLR, can be extended to adopt the UMTS requirements, but RNC, Node B, and the handsets must be completely new designs. RNC will become the replacements for BSC, and Node B fulfills nearly the same functionality as BTS. GSM and GPRS networks will be extended, and new services will be integrated into an overall network that contains both existing interfaces such as A, Gb, and Abis, and new interfaces that include Iu, UTRAN interface between Node B and RNC (Iub), and UTRAN interface between two RNCs (Iur).
UMTS defines four new open interfaces:
- Uu : User Equipment to Node B (UTRA, W-CDMA air interface)
- Iu : RNS to GSM Phase 2+ CN (MSC/VLR or SGSN)
- Iu-CS for circuit switched data
- Iu-Ps for packet switched data
- Iub : RNC to Node B interface
- Iur : RNC to RNC
Iu, Iub, Iur interfaces are based on ATM transmission principles.
The RNC enables autonomous radio resource management (RRM) by UTRAN. It performs the same functions as the GSM BSC, provising central control for the RNS elements (RNC and Node Bs).
The RNC handles protocol exchanges between Iu, Iur, and Iub interfaces and is responsible for centralized operation and maintenance (O&M) of the entire RNS with access to the
The RNC uses the Iur interface, which has no equivalent in GSM BSS, to autonomously handle 100 percent of the RRM, eliminating that burden from the CN. Serving control functions such as admission, RRC connection to the UE, congestions and handover/macro diversity are managed entirely by a single serving RNC (SRNC).
If another RNC is involved in the active connection through an inter-RNC soft handover, it is declared a drift RNC (DRNC). The DRNC is only responsible for the allocation of code resources. A reallocation of the SRNC functionality to the former DRNC is possible (serving radio network subsystem [SRNS} relocation). The term controlling RNC (CRNC) is used to define the RNC that controls the logical resources of its UTRAN access points.
Node B
Node B is the physical unit for radio transmission/reception with cells. Depending on sectoring (omni/sector cells), one or more cells may be served by a Node B. A single Node B can support both FDD and TDD modes, and it can be co-located with a GSM BTS to reduce implementation costs. Node B connects with the UE via W-CDMA Uu radio interface and with the RNC via the Iub asynchronous transfer mode (ATM)-based interface. Node B is the ATM termination point.
The main task of Node B is the conversion of data to the from the Uu radio interface, including forward error correction (FEC), rate adaptation, W-CDMA spreading/dispreading, and quadrature phase shift keying (QPSK) modulation on the air interface. It measures quality and strength of the connection and determines the frame error rate (FER), transmitting these data to the RNC as a measurement report for handover and macro diversity combining. The Node B is also responsible for the FDD softer handover. This micro diversity combining is carried out independently, eliminating the need for additional transmission capacity in the Iub.
The Node B also participates in power control, as it enables the UE to adjust its power using downlink (DL) transmission power control (TPC) commands via the inner-loop power control on the basis of uplink (UL) TPC information. The predefined values for inner-loop power control are derived from the RNC via outer-loop power control.
The UMTS UE is based on the same principles as the GSM MS-the separation between mobile equipment (ME) and the UMTS subscribers identity module (SIM) card (USIM). The UE is the counterpart to the various network elements in many functions and procedures. The UE functions can be stated as follows:
· UE as Node B counterpart
o FEC (Encoding and Interleaving)
o Power Control (Open and Inner Loop)
o Radio Measurement (FER, SIR, Quality and Power)
o Spreading/De-spreading
o Modulation/De-modulation
· UE as RNC counterpart
o BEC (Acknowledged Mode NRT)
o RRC (Radio Resource Control)
o Handover (CS) and Cell Selection (PS)
o De-/ciphering
· UE as CN Counterpart
o Mobility Management (Location Registration, Authentication, IMEI Check, Attach/Detach)
o Session Management (PDP) Context De-/Activation)
o Bearer negotiation/Service Request
UMTS Interfaces
Many new protocols have been developed for the four new interfaces specified in UMTS: Uu, Iub, Iur and Iu. This paper is organized by the protocols and shows their usage in the interfaces. That means protocols will be described individually. Only the references to the interfaces are indicated. Interface specific explanations of the protocols are, however, not included.
General Protocol Model [3G TS 25.401]
UTRAN interface consists of a set of horizontal and vertical layers. The UTRAN requirements are addressed in the horizontal radio network layer across different types of control and user planes. Control planes are used to control a link or a connection; user planes. Control planes are used to control a link or a connection user planes are used to transparently transmit user data from the higher layers. Standard transmission issues, which are independent of UTRAN requirements, are applied in the horizontal transport network layer.
· Signaling bearers are used to transmit higher layers’ signaling and control information. They are set up by O&M activities.
· Data bearers are the frame protocols used to transport user data (data streams). The transport network-control plane (TN-CP) sets them up.
· Application protocols are used to provide UTMS-specific signaling and control within UTRAN, such as to set up bearers in the radio network layer.
· Data streams contain the user data that is transparently transmitted between the network elements. User data is comprised of the subscriber’s personal data and mobility management information that are exchanged between the peer entities MSC and UE.
· Access link control application part (ALCAP) protocol layers are provided in the TN-CP. They react to the radio network layers’ demands to set up, maintain, and release data bearers. The primary objective of introducing the TN-CP was to totally separate the selection og the data bearer technology from the control plane (where the UTRAN-specific application protocols are located). The TN-CP is present in the Iu-CS, Iur and Iub interfaces. In the remaining interfaces where there is not ALCAP signaling, preconfigured data bearers are activated.
Application Protocols
Application protocols are Layer-3 protocols that are defined to perform UTRAN-specific signaling and control. A complete UTRAN and UE control plane protocol architecture is shown in the figure. UTRAN-specific control protocols exist in each of the four interfaces.
Iu: Radio Access Network Application Part (RANAP) [3G TS 25.413]
This protocol layer provides UTRAN-specific signaling and control over the Iu . The following is a subset of the RANAP functions:
· Overall radio access bearer (RAB) management, which includes the RAB’s setup, maintenance, and release.
· Management of Iu connections
· Transport of nonaccess stratum (NAS) information between the UE and the CN; for example, NAS contains the mobility management signaling and broadcast information.
· Exchanging UE location information between the RNC and CN
· Paging request from the CN to the UE
· Overload and general error situation handling
Iur: Radio Network Application Part (RNSAP) [3G TS 25.423]
UTRAN-specific signaling and control over this interface contains the following:
· Management of radio links, physical links, and common transport channel resources.
· Paging
· SRNC relocation
· Measurements of dedicated resources
Iub: Node B Application Part (NBAP) [3G TS 25.433]
UTRAN specific signaling and control in the Iub includes the following
· Management of common channels, common resources, and radio links
· Configuration management, such as cell configuration management
· Measurement handling and control
· Synchronization (TDD)
· Reporting of error situations
Uu: Radio Resource Control (RRC) [3G TS 25.331]
This layer handles at the control plane signaling over the Uu between the UE and the UTRAN. Some of the functions offered by the RRC include the following:
· Broadcasting information
· Management of connection between the UE and the UTRAM, which include their establishment, maintenance, and release
· Management of the radio bearers, which include their establishment, maintenance, release, and the corresponding connection mobility.
· Ciphering control
· Outer loop power control
· Message integrity protection
· Timing advance in the TDD mode
· UE measurement report evaluation
· Paging and notifying
Two modes of operation are defined for the UE-the idle mode and the dedicated mode. In the idle mode the peer entity of the UE’s RRC is at the Node B, while in the dedicated mode it is at the SRNC.
Higher –layer protocols to perform signaling and control tasks are found on top of the RRC. The mobility management (MM) and call control (CC) are defined in the existing GSM specifications. Even though the MM and CC occur between the UE and the CN and are therefore not part of UTRAN specific signaling, they demand basic support from the transfer service, which is offered by duplication avoidance. This layer is responsible for in-sequence transfer and priority handling of messages. It belongs to UTRAN, even though its peer entities are located in the UE and CN.
UMTS and UTRAN Measurement Objectives
Dealing with the new protocols presents a demanding challenge to manufacturers, operators, and measurements equipment suppliers. The following are the measurement approaches.
Measurements Approaches
To determine the characteristics of the system under test and test objectives
Monitoring
Monitoring is the process of collecting data from interfaces. The main reason for operators and manufacturers to collect data is to retrieve the necessary information for decision-making in relations to a specified objective. The major objectives for monitoring data collections include the following:
· To get an overall view of the actual performance level
· To determine a possible need for an improvement
· To discover the differences between specified and predicted characteristics and its actual performance
· To improve predictions of behavior and potential problems
Interface monitoring can collect data and present result in two ways:
· Measurement Result Collection
· Data Review for evaluation
Simulation
Simulation is the representation or imitation of a process or system by another device. In a test environment, a simulator can be used in place of a network element or a part of the network to produce desired conditions. Simulators are used to do the following:
· To get information about the dependability of a network element (NE); normal and abnormal situations are specified and simulated, and the NE’s ability to cope with the simulated environment allows the operator to predict how well the NE will perform in the field; simulations are also used for conformance testing where standardized conditions are applied to the NE
· To substitute missing network elements or parts of a network during the development process; simulation creates a realistic operating environment for the item under development.
· To save development and installation costs; the strong and weak points of an item can be discovered in the development process, before introducing it to an operating network.
Emulation
Emulation is a higher form of simulations where the behavior of communication protocols are simulated automatically and in conformance with standards. For this purpose conformance testing is done.
Conformance Testing
Standards allow different manufacturers to develop systems that can interoperate and exchange and handle information. A system or an implementation is declared conformant when its capabilities and external behavior meet those defined in the referred standards. Conformance testing is the verification process that determines whether a system or an implementation is conformant.
Scope of Paper
UMTS is a growing worldwide standard and hence there is a lot of scope for this paper. 3G Systems are intended to provide a global mobility with wide range of services including telephony, paging, messaging, Internet and broadband data.
With the 3G licensing process largely completed in many parts of the world, WCDMA networks at an advanced stage of construction in many countries and handsets becoming available from an increasing number of manufacturers, the stage is set for the worldwide deployment of UMTS systems.
Hence the paper presents a view with which more and more study can be possible on UMTS and hence newer releases are possible.
Research Study
UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunications Service) is a third-generation (3G) broadband, packet-based transmission of text, digitized voice, video, and multimedia at data rates up to 2 megabits per second (Mbps) that offers a consistent set of services to mobile computer and phone users no matter where they are located in the world.
Until UMTS is fully implemented, users can have multi-mode devices that switch to the currently available technology (such as GSM 900 and 1800) where UMTS is not yet available.
Future Scope
In the past decade, mobile telephony has grown faster than anybody predicted. Inexpensive phones with built-in facilities and applications and lower per-call rates have made mobile services an essential part of life for many users. Business and commerce rely heavily upon mobile services, and many job entrants, students, and young people use cellular phones as their primary telephone.
UMTS will promote integrated and seamless services and offer universal communications regardless of the terminal, network, or location. Network operators will combine wired and wireless networks, not to mention public and private/corporate networks. The concept of the virtual home environment combined with enhanced terminals with sophisticated user interfaces and services will smooth the customer's transition. The technological building blocks are coming together rapidly, and this capability, combined with ever-heightened customer expectations, will help drive the UMTS goal of allowing users to communicate on any terminal, through any network, anywhere on the planet.
Conclusion
Although UMTS will be a major step forward for both customers and technology, there is little time to develop and implement commercial standards.
Meanwhile, IMT 2000 will ensure that third-generation systems are globally compatible and provide uniform communications. The idea is to achieve this by encouraging all interested parties to work toward convergence of technologies that otherwise might compete against each other. Currently, however, that dream is somewhat clouded by a dispute between leading European manufacturers and Qualcomm Inc., San Diego, over the terms on which its intellectual property will be used in UMTS/IMT and the very character of the third-generation standards
Glossary
1G
First Generation
2G
Second Generation
3G
Third Generation
3GPP
Third-Generation Partnership Project (of ETSI)
AC
ALCAP
Access Link Control Application Part
AMPS
Advanced Mobile Phone Service
AMR
Adaptive Multirate
ANSI
American National Standards Institute Standards Committee
ARIB/TTC
Association of Radio Industries and Business/Telecommunication Technology Committee
ATM
Asynchronous Transfer Mode
BEC
Backward Error Correction
BHCA
Busy Hour Call Attempt
BMC
Broadcast/multicast control
BSC
Base Station Controller
BSS
Base Station Subsystem
BTS
Base Transceiver Station
CAMEL
Customized Application for
CAP
CAMEL Application Part
CATT
CBR
Constant Bit Rate
CC
Call Control
CCS7
Common Control Signaling System 7
CDMA
Code Division Multiple Access
CDMA2000
3rd Generation Code Division Multiple Access
CM
Call Management
CN
Core Network
CODEC
Compression/Decompression
CRNC
Controlling RNC
CS
Circuit Switched
CS-CN
Circuit Switched Core Network
CSE
CAMEL service Environment
CT
Conformance Test
CWTS
Chinese Wireless Telecommunication Standard
D-AMPS
Digital AMPS
DCH
Dedicated Channel
DECT
Digital Enhanced Cordless Telephone
DL
Downlink
DPC
Destination Point Code
DRNC
Drift Radio Network Controller
DRNS
Drift Radio Network Subsystem
DTE
Data Terminal Equipment
EDGE
Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution
EFR
Enhanced Full Rate
EIR
Equipment Identity Register
ESE
Emulation Scenario Editor
ETSI
European Telecommunications Standards Institute
FDD
Frequency Division Duplex
FDMA
Frequency Division Multiple Access
FEC
Forward Error Correction
FER
Frame Error Rate
GGSN
Gateway GPRS Support Node
GMM
GPRS Mobility Management
GMSC
Gateway MSC
GPRS
General Packet Radio Service
GSM
Global System for
GSM-R
GSM-Railway
GTP
GPRS Tunneling Protocol
GTP-C
GTP Control
GTP-U
GTP User
HLR
Home Location Register
HO/HoV
Handover
HSCSD
High Speed Circuit Switched Data
ICO
Intermediate Circular Orbits
IETF
Internet Engineering Task Force
IMEI
International
IMT-2000
International
IMUN
International
IN
Intelligent Network
IP
Internet Protocol
IPv4
IP version 4
IPv6
IP version 6
IS-95
Interim standard ‘95
ISDN
Integrated Services Digital Network
ISP
Internet Service Provider
ISUP
ITU
International Telecommunication
ITUN
SS7 ISUP Tunneling
Iu
Interface between RNC and CN
Iub
Interface between Node B and RNC
Iu-CS
Interface between RNC and circuit-switched domain of the CN
Iu-PS
Interface between RNC and the packet-switched domain of the CN
Iur
Interface between two RNCs
IUT
Implementation Under Test
IWF
Interworking Function
Kbps
Kilobits Per Second
LAN
Local Area Network
MAC
Medium Access Control
MAP
Mobile Application Part
Mbps
Megabits Per Second
MBS
MC
Multicarrier
MC-CDMA
Multicarrier CDMA
MC-CDMA
Multicarrier CDMA
MCE
Multiprotocol Encapsulation
MDTP
Multinetwork Datagram Transmission Protocol
ME
Mobile Equipment
MM
Mobility Management
MS
Mobile Station
MSC
Mobile Services Switching Center
Message Sequence Chart
MSS
Mobile Satellite System
MT
Mobile Telephone
MTP
Message Transfer Part
NAS
Nonaccess Stratum
NBAP
Node B Application Protocol
NE
Network Element
NMT
Nordic Mobile Telephone
NNI
Network-Node Interface
Node B
UMTS Base Station
NSS
Network and Switching Subsystem
O&M
Operation and Maintenance
OAM
Operation, Administration, and Maintenance
OMC
Operations and Maintenance Centers
OSA
Open Service Architecture
Operations Support System
PDC
Personal Digital Communication
PDCP
Packet Data Convergence Protocol
PDN
Packet Data Network
PDU
Packet Data Unit
PLMN
PMR
Private Mobile Radio
PS
Packet Switched
PS-CN
Packet Switched Core Network
PSTN
Public Switched Telephone Network
QoS
Quality Of Service
QPSK
Quadrature Phase Shift Keying
RAB
Radio Access Bearer
RAN
Radio Access Network
RANAP
RAN Application Part
RLC
Radio Link Control
RLP
Radio Link Protocol
RNC
Radio Network Controller
RNS
Radio Network Subsystem
RNSAP
Radio Network Subsystem Application Part
RNTI
Radio Network Temporary Identity
RR
Radio Resource
RRC
Radio Resource Control
RRM
Radio Resource Management
RTT
Radio Transmission Technology
SCCP
Signaling Connection Control Part
SCTP
Simple Control Transmission Protocol
SDH
Synchronous Digital Hierarchy
SDO
Standards Developing Organization
SGSN
Serving GPRS Support Node
SIM
Subscriber Identity Module
SM
Session Management
SONET
Synchronous Optical Network
SRNC
Serving Radio Network Controller
SRNC
Serving Radio Network Controller
SS7
Signaling System 7
SSCOP
Service-Specific Connection Oriented Protocol
SSF
Signaling transport Converter
STM
Synchronous Transport Module
STS
Synchronous Transport Signal
SUT
System Under Test
TACS
Total Access Communication System
TC
Transcoder
TD-CDMA
Time Division Code Division Multiple Access
TDD
Time Division Duplex
TDMA
Time Division Multiple Access
TD-SCDMA
Time Division Synchronous CDMA
TIA
Telecommunications Industry Association
TN-CP
Transport Network Control Plane
TPC
Transmission Power Control
TRAU
Transcoder and Rate Adaptive Unit
TS
Technical Specification
TTA
Telecommunications Technology Association
UDP
User Datagram Protocol
UE
User Equipment
UL
Uplink
Um
GSM Air Interface
UMTS
Universal
UNI
User to Network Interface
UP
User Plane
USIM
UMTS Subscriber Identity Module
UTRA
UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access
UTRAN
UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network
Uu
UMTS Air Interface
UMC-136
Universal Wireless Communication
VBR
Variable Bit Rate
VHE
Virtual Home Environment
VLR
Visitor Location Register
VMSC
Visited MSC
W-CDMA
Wide-band Code Division Multiple Access
WLL
Wireless Local
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